There are a number of settings for Google Chrome which are applied as "policies". Under the hood, these are registry entries, typically located at HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Policies\Google\Chrome. These policies are nominally designed to be enabled by Group Policy in an Active Directory environment (using ADM or ADMX files). Many of them work whether the computer is joined to a domain or not; presumably Chrome is just reading the registry value.
However, some policies only work when the computer is joined to Active Directory or "or Windows 10 Pro or Enterprise instances that enrolled for device management" (see link). Since the policy configuration values are ultimately just registry entries, then Chrome must be going out of its way to check if the computer is in Active Directory.
What I want to know, is there a way to deceive Chrome about the computer's Active Directory membership, or some way to otherwise convince Chrome to honor these policies regardless?